Mental Retardation
Mental Retardation (MR) is a developmental disability that first appears in children under the age of 18. It is defined as a level of intellectual functioning (as measured by standard intelligence tests) that is well below average and result in significant limitations in the person's daily living skills (adaptive functioning).
Description
Mental Retardation begins in childhood or adolescence before the age of 18. In most cases, it persists throughout adult life. A diagnosis is mental retardation is made if an individual has an intellectual functioning level well below average, as well as significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas. Intellectual functioning level is defined by standardized tests that measure the ability to reason in terms of mental age (intellectual quotient or IQ). Mental Retardation is defined as an IQ score below 70-75. Adaptive skills is a term that refers to skills needed for daily life. Such skills include the ability to produce and understand language (communication); home-living skills; use of community resources; health, safety, leisure, self-care, and social skills; self-direction; functional academic skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic); and job-related skills.
In general, mentally retarded children reach such developmental milestones as walking and talking much later than the children in the general population. Symptoms of mental retardation may appear at birth or later in childhood. The child's age at onset depends on the suspected of the disability. Some cases of mild mental retardation are not diagnosed before the child enters preschool or kindergarten.
These children typically have difficulties with social, communication, and functional academic skills. Children who have a neurological disorder or illness such as encephalitis or meningitis may suddenly show signs of cognitive impairment and adaptive difficulties.
Mental Retardation varies in severity. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text version (DSM-IV-TR), which is the diagnostic standard for mental health care professionals in the United States
Mild mental retardation
Approximately 85% of the mentally retarded population is in the mildly retarded category. Their IQ score ranges from 50-70, and they can often acquire academic skills up to about the sixth-grade level. They can become fairly self-sufficient and in some cases live independently, with community and social support.
Moderate mental retardation
About 10% of the mentally retarded population is considered moderately retarded. Moderately retarded persons have IQ scores ranging from 35-55. They can carry out work and self-care tasks with moderate supervision. They typically acquire communication skills in childhood and are able to live and function successfully with in the community in such supervised environments as group homes.
Severe mental retardation
About 3-4% of the mentally retarded population is severely retarded. Severely retarded persons have IQ scores of 20-40. They may master very basic self-care skills and some communication skills. Many severely retarded individuals are able to live in a group home.
Profound mental retardation
Only 1-2% of the mentally retarded population is classified as profoundly retarded. Profoundly retarded individuals have IQ score under 20-25.
They may be able to develop basic self-care and communication skills with appropriate support and training. Their retardation is often caused by an accompanying neurological disorder. Profoundly retarded people need a high level of structure and supervision.
The Americans Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR) has developed another widely accepted diagnostic classification system for mental retardation.
The AAMR classification system focuses on the capabilities of the retarded individual rather than on his or her limitations. The categories describe the level of support required. They are: intermittent support; limited support; extensive support; and pervasive support. To some extent, the AAMR classification mirrors the DSM-IV-TR classification. Intermittent support, for the example, is support that is needed only occasionally, perhaps during times of stress or crisis for the retarded person. It is the type of support typically required for most mildly retarded people. At the other end of the spectrum, pervasive support, or life-long, daily support for most adaptive areas, would be required for profoundly retarded persons. The AAMR classification system refers to the “below-average intellectual function” as an IQ of 70-75 or below.
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